The history of the nickel begins in the aftermath of the Civil War. Before the nickel as we know it, the U.S. Mint produced a small silver coin called the half disme (1794–1837), worth five cents. However, shortages of silver during the war led Congress to authorize a new five‑cent coin made of a copper‑nickel alloy in 1866. This coin became known as the Shield nickel, named for the shield design on its obverse.

Over the next decades, the nickel’s design evolved. In 1883, the Liberty Head nickel (often called the “V nickel” because of the Roman numeral V on its reverse) replaced the Shield nickel. This design lasted until 1913, when the Buffalo nickel was introduced. The Buffalo nickel, featuring a Native American profile on the obverse and an American bison on the reverse, became one of the most celebrated coin designs in U.S. history.

In 1938, the nickel adopted its current form: the Jefferson nickel, designed by Felix Schlag. The obverse features President Thomas Jefferson, while the reverse depicts his Virginia home, Monticello. This design has remained in circulation ever since, though it has seen updates. For example, the Westward Journey series (2004–2005) temporarily replaced Monticello with designs commemorating the Lewis and Clark expedition. In 2006, the Mint returned to Monticello with a more detailed depiction.

The nickel’s composition has also shifted at times. During World War II (1942–1945), nickels were made of 56% copper, 35% silver, and 9% manganese to conserve nickel for the war effort. These “war nickels” are identifiable by large mint marks above Monticello on the reverse. After the war, the standard 75% copper and 25% nickel alloy resumed.

Today, the nickel remains an essential coin in circulation, valued for its durability and distinctive size. Its history reflects both practical needs—like metal shortages—and cultural choices, with designs that celebrate liberty, Native American heritage, and Jefferson’s legacy.