Mexico is composed of 32 states (including Mexico City, which functions as both a city and a federal entity), each with its unique history, culture, and geographical features. Many of these states are historically and culturally connected to the countries and regions surrounding Mexico, as well as to other parts of Mexican history, especially before and after the country gained independence from Spain in 1821. Here's an overview of the Mexican states and their relationships, focusing on the states that are most relevant in terms of history, geography, and cultural influence:

1. Baja California

• Geographical Location: Located in the northwestern corner of Mexico, Baja California shares a border with California in the United States to the north.

• Historical & Cultural Connections: The state has strong ties to the U.S., particularly in the cities of Tijuana (a major border city) and Ensenada, due to its proximity to California. Historically, the region was part of the Alta California territory under Spanish rule before becoming part of Mexico after independence.

• Economic Ties: Baja California benefits from its proximity to the U.S. with significant cross-border trade, particularly in manufacturing, electronics, and tourism.

2. Sonora

• Geographical Location: Sonora lies to the east of Baja California and borders Arizona in the United States.

• Historical & Cultural Connections: Sonora has a deep historical connection with the southwestern United States, especially the Arizona-Sonora region. The state played a pivotal role during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848) and was part of the Gadsden Purchase (1853), which transferred land from Mexico to the U.S.

• Economic Ties: Agriculture and livestock are crucial in Sonora’s economy, and there’s heavy trade with Arizona, including the export of produce like sonoran wheat and cattle.